Closed-Loop Supply Chain Decision-Making and Coordination Considering Fairness Concerns under Carbon Neutral Rewards and Punishments

The cheap price of carbon sink trading in certification emission reduction (CER) makes it more popular than the allowance (CEA); carbon-neutral, enterprises are inclined to purchase sinks achieve their own neutrality goals and promote decarbonization whole chain. Companies urgently need figure out how with government rewards punishments. Moreover, as an important factor affecting effectiveness supply chain, is particularly study coordinate fairness concerns such objects. Therefore, a centralized two-stage Stackelberg game model closed-loop chain (CLSC) one manufacturer retailer constructed, cost-sharing contract, revenue-sharing cost–revenue-sharing contract used it, taking into account downstream while pursuing neutrality, ensuring overall benefits considering impact subsidies punishments on Research shows that (1) compared other two contracts, performs better can effectively Pareto optimum; (2) accomplishing CLSC; (3) excessively high prices not only detrimental enterprise efficiency, but also realization goal; (4) higher utility pursued by when unit reward punishment great enough; otherwise, pursued. research results provide decision support for product pricing, reserve design CLSC under goal reference setting punishment.